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See
the new Tourism page for added information -- the
way to manage trends is to first understand them:
1. Tourism
Management Biblio
2. The
Oversaturation Project -- Article
3. Atlantic
City Oversaturation of the Casino Market -- Article
4. Expert
believes Phoenix hotel market is over saturated. -- Article
5. Competitiveness
of mature tourism destinations -- Study
6. Tourism
and the demonstration effect -- Study
7. Book:
Tourism and Politics: Policy, Power and Place, by Hall, C. M, 1994
Excerpt
from Study: Negative Socio-Cultural Impacts From Tourism -- from:
UNEP, United
Nations Environment Programme,
environment for development --
"Change or loss of indigenous identity and values. Tourism
can cause change or loss of local identity and values, brought about by
several closely related influences:
¥ Commodification
Tourism
can turn local cultures into commodities when religious rituals,
traditional ethnic rites and festivals are reduced and sanitized to conform
to tourist expectations, resulting in what has been called
"reconstructed ethnicity." Once a destination is sold as a
tourism product, and the tourism demand for souvenirs, arts, entertainment
and other commodities begins to exert influence, basic changes in human
values may occur. Sacred sites and objects may not be respected when they
are perceived as goods to trade.
¥ Standardization
Destinations
risk standardization in the process of satisfying tourists' desires for
familiar facilities. While landscape, accommodation, food and drinks, etc.,
must meet the tourists' desire for the new and unfamiliar, they must at the
same time not be too new or strange because few tourists are actually
looking for completely new things. Tourists often look for recognizable
facilities in an unfamiliar environment, like well-known fast-food
restaurants and hotel chains.
¥ Loss
of authenticity and staged authenticity
Adapting
cultural expressions and manifestations to the tastes of tourists or even
performing shows as if they were "real life" constitutes
"staged authenticity". As long as tourists just want a glimpse of
the local atmosphere, a quick glance at local life, without any knowledge
or even interest, staging will be inevitable.
¥ Adaptation
to tourist demands
Tourists want souvenirs,
arts, crafts, and cultural manifestations, and in many tourist
destinations, craftsmen have responded to the growing demand, and have made
changes in design of their products to bring them more in line with the new
customers' tastes. While the interest shown by tourists also contributes to
the sense of self-worth of the artists, and helps conserve a cultural
tradition, cultural erosion may occur due to the commodification of
cultural goods."
Each
of these effects changes a place and a culture. In Napa Valley, these
changes can be expected from 3 different tourist populations: short term
tourists (the standard definition), 30-day or more semi-residential
vacation rental tourists and full residential tourists (the 2nd homers).
Residential tourists cannot vote and generally do not participate in
community operations/events/clubs/etc; however, some of those do plan to
live here eventually.
To respond appropriately with a long term fair
policy for all, it is necessary to study the impact of all forms of tourism
on local culture and implement fine-tuned solutions for negative
effects. Preserving local culture should be the goal for all.
From the start, it is this culture which draws people here and if it
becomes homogenized or exceeds carrying capacity, the positive benefits of
tourism will be lost together with the local culture itself.
Sandy
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